How do you cite a treaty on the functioning of the European Union?

When citing EU treaties and protocols: give the title of the legislation (including amendments), year of publication, the OJ series, issue and page numbers. legislation title | [year] | OJ series | issue/first page. Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union [2008] OJ C115/13.

How do I reference the European Convention on Human Rights?

The form of citation for judgments and decisions published in this series from 1 November 1998 to the end of 2007 follows the pattern: name of case (in italics), application number, paragraph number (for judgments), abbreviation of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), year and number of volume.

How do you reference the Official Journal of the European Union?

Reference to the Official Journal can be made in three different ways:

Long form. The long form is: Official Journal of the European Union (in italics) It is used: (a)
Short form. The short form is: Official Journal (not italics) It is used: (a)
Abbreviated form. The abbreviated form is: OJ L, OJ L … I, OJ C, OJ C …

What are the four 4 symbols of the European Union EU?

The symbols of the European Union

Foreword.
The flag.
The anthem.
The motto.
The currency.
Europe Day.
Conclusion.

What are two symbols of the EU?

Symbols

European anthem. Beethoven’s ‘Ode to Joy’, without lyrics, became the EU’s official anthem in 1985.
Europe Day. Europe Day is held on 9 May every year.
European Flag. The European flag symbolises both the European Union and, more broadly, the identity and unity of Europe.
EU motto.

What is Article 3 TEU?

Article 3(3) TEU states that the European Union is to establish an internal market, which, in accordance with Protocol No 27 on the internal market and competition, annexed to the Treaty of Lisbon (OJ 2010 C 83, p. 309), is to include a system ensuring that competition is not distorted.

What is Article 82 of the EC Treaty?

Article 82 of the EC Treaty (ex Article 86) Any abuse by one or more undertakings of a dominant position within the common market or in a substantial part of it shall be prohibited as incompatible with the common market insofar as it may affect trade between Member States. Such abuse may, in particular, consist in:

How does Article 82 apply to dominant undertakings?

In applying Article 82 to exclusionary conduct by dominant undertakings, the Commission will focus on those types of conduct that are most harmful to consumers. Consumers benefit from competition through lower prices, better quality and a wider choice of new or improved goods and services.

What is Article 82 of the Consumer Protection Act?

Article 82 applies to undertakings which hold a dominant position on one or more relevant markets. Such a position may be held by one undertaking (single dominance) or by two or more undertakings (collective dominance). This document only relates to abuses committed by an undertaking holding a single dominant position.

What types of conduct are liable to infringe Article 82?

Conduct which is directly exploitative of consumers, for example charging excessively high prices or certain behaviour that undermines the efforts to achieve an integrated internal market, is also liable to infringe Article 82.