What are the two types of cracking?

Cracking is primarily of two types – thermal cracking and catalytic cracking. Thermal cracking is further categorised into modern thermal cracking and steam cracking. On the other hand, sub-classifications of catalytic methods of cracking are hydrocracking and fluid catalytic cracking. 3.

What are the types of catalytic cracking?

The three types of catalytic cracking processes are fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), moving-bed catalytic cracking, and Thermofor catalytic cracking (TCC). The catalytic cracking process is very flexible, and operating parameters can be adjusted to meet changing product demand.

What is cracker feedstock?

Steam cracker units are facilities in which a feedstock such as naphtha, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), ethane, propane or butane is thermally cracked through the use of steam in steam cracking furnaces to produce lighter hydrocarbons.

What is the feed of fluidized catalytic cracking process?

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is an important refinery process that employs an entrained flow, or riser, reactor for the catalytic conversion of heavy oil fractions to lighter products. The riser reactor is fed with the so-called ‘equilibrium catalyst’ coming from the regenerator.

Why is cracking economically important?

Cracking is important for two main reasons: It helps to match the supply of fractions with the demand for them. It produces alkenes, which are useful as feedstock for the petrochemical industry.

What are the main products of cracking?

The products of cracking include alkanes and alkenes , members of a different homologous series . An alkene is a hydrocarbon that contains a carbon-carbon double bond.

What are the advantages of catalytic cracking?

Catalytic cracking yields a higher quantity of branched-chain, unsaturated, aromatic hydrocarbons as compared to thermal cracking. Catalytic cracking is a better-controlled process than thermal cracking. Petrol obtained by catalytic cracking has lesser sulfur content.

What is the purpose of catalytic cracking?

Catalytic cracking is an important process in the oil industry where petroleum vapor passes through a low-density bed of catalyst, which causes the heavier fractions to ‘crack’ producing lighter more valuable products.

How does ethane cracker work?

An ethane cracker takes ethane, a component of natural gas found in abundance in the Marcellus shale, and process, or ‘crack’ it into ethylene. It does this by heating the ethane up so hot that it breaks apart the molecular bonds holding it together to form ethylene.

Why is cracking used in the fuel industry?

Cracking is important for two main reasons: It helps to match the supply of fractions with the demand for them. The supply is how much of a fraction an oil refinery produces. Since cracking converts larger hydrocarbons into smaller hydrocarbons, the supply of fuels is improved.

What happens to the feedstock of a crack furnace?

Once the feedstock has been cracked, the product stream must be purified and separated, using various processes depending on the feedstock. These furnaces must occasionally be de-coked, which requires injecting flammable gas into the furnace in order to burn residue (coke) off of the tubes carrying the hydrocarbon feedstock.

What is the main feedstock for steam crackers?

In the petrochemical industry, two of the main feedstocks for steam crackers are naphtha and ethane. Naphtha is primarily derived from crude oil, while ethane is more prevalent in natural gas and natural gas liquids (aka NGLs, a mixture of various hydrocarbons often co-produced along with natural gas).

What are the disadvantages of hydrotreating feedstock?

Feed stock must first be hydrotreated Catalysts deactivate & coke forms even with hydrogen present •Hydrocrackers require periodic regeneration of the fixed bed catalyst systems •Channeling caused by coke accumulation a major concern •Can create hot spots that can lead to temperature runaways

What is the P/E ratio for naphtha cracking?

•P/E Ratio of 0.55-0.68 (Naphtha & Gasoil Cracking) •Steam Cracker capacities are world class size > 1000 KTA Naphtha Cracking – Catalytic •Propylene Selective not Ethylene •P/E Ratio of 1.0 to 2.4 •Naphtha FCC capacities 20 MBPD == 64 KTA of ethylene SC 20 MBPD = 264 KTA 13